╨╧рб▒с>■  %'■   $                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ье┴ ┐Еjbjbjкjк "╚╚Е       ]жжжжжжж╓╓╓╓╓ т ╓╧╢········МОООООО,ЕЇy Д║ж·····║╬жж···╬╬╬·╛ж·ж·М║╚жжжж·М╬╛╬МжжМю └0 ╖╓╓╕МHypothesis 1: If there was a fracture to the area of the upper fore limb, the function of some of the muscles in this area could be disrupted including the extensor carpi radialis, the triceps, tensor fasciae antebrachii, and the anconeus. All of these muscles are extensors of the elbow joint and the forearm. Some of these muscles have attachments to the proximal part of the humerus, and insertions either at the distal part of the humerus or the proximal part of the ulna and radius. So if there is a fracture to the middle part of the humerus, this would leave many of these muscles unable to extend the limb. Also many times, with a fracture in this location, there would be damage to the radial nerve. This would explain the appearance of the Уdropped elbowФ and would explain why the foal is unable to extend or place weight on the forelimb. There may also be damage to the median nerve that runs in the same general area of the radial nerve. You can lose innervation to many or all of the nerves of the forelimb except the radial nerve, and still be able to walk. This is evidence to support radial nerve damage complicating the fracture. A fractured humerus without radial nerve damage could also cause the Уdropped elbowФ appearance due to the separation of the two fracture pieces. A fracture to the ulna, more specifically the olecranon could explain the signs seen in this foal. The olecranon is the site of attachment of the triceps muscle. The triceps play an integral part in maintaining the elbow in extension so that animal can bear weight on that leg. A complete fracture of the olecranon would disrupt this and explain why the foal is dragging this limb when walking. With a fracture to this area the foal would be able to place the sole of his foot on the ground but not bear weight on it. This would explain why it appeared the foal could bear weight on it when standing. The Уdropped elbowФ would be seen with this fracture as well. The triceps maintain the elbow up close to the body when contracted and with this connection disrupted the elbow would not be maintained in its normal position and would appear УdroppedФ. Without this major group of extensor muscles the flexor muscles of the limb would overcompensate resulting in the limb being maintained in flexion, more specifically the carpus. There was not instability or crepitance found on the physical exam, but if the swelling is severe the fracture line may not be palpable. The muscle atrophy of the shoulder muscles is due to the lack of use over the past two weeks. It takes about ten days for muscles to atrophy when an animal is not using them, and this does fit this time frame. 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