ࡱ> 5@ x$bjbj22 gcXXxD *T T T T """)))))))*R(-T)"""""")T T [)Y&Y&Y&".T T )Y&")Y&Y&w&w&T t $#%w&&)0 *w&|-&.|-w&w&D|-&$""Y&"""""))d 8d I&8 HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/map/gaiak.map" \m  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/menua1.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET   INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\C|\\Josu\\zientziaweb\\proba\\imagenes2\\espacio.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\C|\\Josu\\zientziaweb\\proba\\imagenes2\\espacio.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\C|\\Josu\\zientziaweb\\proba\\imagenes2\\espacio.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\C|\\Josu\\zientziaweb\\proba\\imagenes2\\espacio.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\C|\\Josu\\zientziaweb\\proba\\imagenes2\\espacio.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\C|\\Josu\\zientziaweb\\proba\\imagenes2\\espacio.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\C|\\Josu\\zientziaweb\\proba\\imagenes2\\espacio.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\C|\\Josu\\zientziaweb\\proba\\imagenes2\\espacio.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\C|\\Josu\\zientziaweb\\proba\\imagenes2\\espacio.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/banerrak.asp?url=http://www.sustatu.com&image=/banerrak/sustatu.gif" \t "_blank"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/banerrak/sustatu.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/index.asp"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/logonagusi.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET eguneratze-data 2003/12/4  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/marra.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/map/gaiak.map"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/m1.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/map/menua.map" \m  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/m2.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/artikmarrak.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET   INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/berria.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 1992/07/01 Azkune Mendia, Iaki  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/elhuyar.asp?Alea=62"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/informazioa/elhuyar/1992/62/azala62.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Elhuyar Z. eta T. 62. zk.  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/informazioa/elhuyar/1992/62/pdf/A62_O10.pdf" \t "_blank"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/pdf.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET   HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/informazioa/elhuyar/1992/62/pdf/A62_O10.pdf" \t "_blank" Ikusi artikulua PDF formatuan  HYPERLINK "http://www.adobe.es/products/acrobat/readstep.html" \t "_blank"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/getacro.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET   HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/informazioa/Acrobat%20Reader%20programa%20nola%20lortu.zip"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/Acrobat%20laguntza.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET   INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/hutsa.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Rudolf Heinrich Hertz Fisikari aleman hau Hamburg-en munduratu zen 1857.eko otsailaren 22an. Gaztetan injinerutza ikasteari ekin zion, baina ikas-keta haiek utzi eta fisika estudiatzen hasi zen. Hermann von Helmotz irakasle eta batez ere lagun izan zuen bere bizitza guztian. Bere fisika-doktoregoa Berlingo unibertsitatean 1880. urtean amaitu zuen, magna cum laude kalifikazioa lortuz. 1885. urtetik 1889.erarte Karlsruhe-ko eskola politeknikoan fisika-irakasle izan zen eta 1889.az gero Bon-go unibertsitatean katedradun, Clausius-ek utzitako postuan. 1883.ean Kiel-go unibertsitatean lanean ari zela, zuela denbora gutxi hildako Maxwell-ek eremu elektromagnetikoarentzat lortutako ekuazioaz arduratu zen. Berlingo Zientzi Akademiak sari bat iragarri zuen eremu magnetikoaz lan egiteagatik eta Helmotzek bere ikasleari proposatu zion arlo hura lan zezan. Hertzek 1888. urtean adore handirik gabe ekin zion lanari, baina 1888. urtean ustegabeko zerbaitekin topo egin zuen. Bi esfera metaliko aireaz bananduta zirkuitu elektriko oszilatzailea zeukan prestatuta.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/informazioa/elhuyar/1992/62/images/A62013.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Rudolf Heinrich Hertz. Potentzial-diferentziak norantza batean ala bestean maila bat gainditzen zuenean, txinparta ateratzen zen esfera batetik bestera. Saiakuntza haietan, polo negatiboan argi ultramorea zegoenean txinpartak errazago saltatzen zuela konturatu zen. Efektu fotoelek-trikoaren hastapenak ziren haiek; gero Einsteinek fenomenoa aztertu eta Nobel saria irabazteko balio izan zionaren hastapenak, hain zuzen. Maxwellen ekuazioak txinparta oszilatzailean erradiazio elektro-magnetikoak sor zitezkeela zioen. Oszilazio bakoitzak uhin bat sortu behar zuen, erradiazioak oso uhin-luzera handia izango zuelarik. Argia 300.000 km/h-ko abiaduraz hedatzen denez, segundoaren milarenean gertatutako oszilazioak 300 kilometro inguruko uhin-luzera izango luke. Erradiazio hori detektatzeko Hertzek kiribilkatutako alanbre bat erabili zuen, espira artean aire-espazio txiki bat utziz. Korronteak lehen espiran erradiazioa sortzen zuenean, honek bigarrenean korrontea eragingo zuen. Bere detektagailuan txinparta txikiak saltatzen zirela ikusi zuen Hertzek. Detektagailua gelako puntu desberdinetan ipinita, txinpartaren intentsitatearen arabera uhinen ezaugarriak aztertu eta beren uhin-luzera kalkulatu zuen. 66 zentimetrokoak ziren, hau da, argi ikuskorrarena baino milioi bat aldiz uhin-luzera handiagokoak. Uhin haiek elektro-magnetikoak zirela ere frogatu zuen. Ingalaterran Lodge-k Hertzen saiakuntzak egiaztatu egin zituen eta Italian Righi-k argi-uhinekin zeukaten harremana frogatu zuen. Gero Marconik uhin hertziarrak haririk gabeko telegrafian erabili zituenean, irrati-uhin izena eman zieten (irrati, berez, irratitele-grafiaren laburdura da, hau da, erradiazio bidezko telegrafoarena, zeina korronte elektrikoaren bidezko telegrafoarekiko oso beste-lakoa bait da). Hertzek Bon-go unibertsitatean izpi katodikoak aztertu zituen. Izpi haiek gorpuskuluak ez eta uhinak zirela iruditu zitzaion, zeren metalezko oso plaka meheak zeharkatu egiten bait zituzten. Gero Thomsonek frogatu zuenez ordea, elek-troia atomoa baino askoz partikula txikiagoa da eta materia erraz zeharka dezake. Hertzek liburu batzuk ere idatzi zituen fisikari buruz; Uhin elektrikoak (1893) eta Mekanikaren oinarriak (1899), besteak beste. Indukzioan dielektrikoek duten portaera ere esplikatu zuen. Hertz gazterik hil zen (hogeita-mazazpi urte bete baino lehen) odolean zeukan gaitz kroniko bat medio. Bonen eraman zuen heriok 1894.eko urtarrilaren 1ean.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.zientzia.net/images/hutsa.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Beste artikulu batzuk:  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/artikulua.asp?Artik_kod=7303" Newton eta bere garaia 1992/02/01  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/artikulua.asp?Artik_kod=2470" Newton, Isaac 1995/08/02  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/artikulua.asp?Artik_kod=5972" Nicolas Leonard Carnot 1994/02/01  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/artikulua.asp?Artik_kod=6179" Niels Bohr 1993/10/01  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/artikulua.asp?Artik_kod=3268" Nikolai Ivanovitx Lobatxevski 1997/06/01  HYPERLINK "http://www.zientzia.net/lagun_bidali.asp?Artik_kod=7069" \t "_self"   789O P Q R S T       x y z { | } > ? @ A B C   jhUjhhUjhUj4hUj hUj hUjf hUj hUhB*ph33jhB*Uph33hjhU;S  | B  Ff$If -DM gdx$     a b c d e h i k abִ뢐j*@hU#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJphfff#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJphfffj7hB*Uph33jhB*Uph33hB*ph33jhB*Uph33hCJaJhjhUjhU0 f g h $$Ifa$$IfnkdH7$$If4F3d-,-6    34aph i j k vpppp$Ifkd>$$If4J\3 d-,`-634ap( vppp$Ifkd]?$$If4\3 d-,-634ap( $IfpkdA$$If4F3 d-,-6    34apbcdfDEFGHI^_`abc}~ڽ޵ޭޜڐq#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJphff3jZ]hB*Uph33hB*CJaJphff3!h5B*OJQJ\^JphjOhUjMhUhCJaJjDhB*Uph33hB*ph33hjhUjhB*Uph33j=BhB*Uph33,H~}tk` $$Ifa$K$ $$Ifa$ $$Ifa$ $$Ifa$$IfK$pkdL$$If4F$ 5 d--6    34ap*+,-./0LMNOPQRfghijѺ~vnj|hUhCJaJjwhB*Uph33johB*Uph33h0JCJOJQJ^JaJ#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJphff3,jhB*CJOJQJU^JaJphff3hjhUjlhB*Uph33jhB*Uph33hB*ph33(j~$IfK$$If$If$IfXkd@|$IfK$L$0$ 634ap j}~\]4 5 m ~ !!!!!ǹ~~g,jhB*CJOJQJU^JaJph3 h6CJOJQJ]^JaJhCJOJQJ^JaJhCJaJj~hUjhUhhCJOJQJ^JaJ(hhCJOJQJ^JaJmH sH hhmH sH /hh5B* OJQJ\^JmH phfsH (]5 !f``````X$IfK$$IfMkd$IfK$L$   6 -  6-34ap $IfK$Dkd$IfK$L$  6 - 6-34ap !!!!!#I$ d-$If\$$If$If@kd $IfK$L$634ap !!!!!!!!!!A"B"X"Y"Z"d"e"f"""""""""#####ֿo_oMoo_oMoo_o#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJphfffh0JCJOJQJ^JaJ#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJph33,jhB*CJOJQJU^JaJph33#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJphf3)h5B*CJOJQJ\^JaJphf3,jwhB*CJOJQJU^JaJph3,jhB*CJOJQJU^JaJph3#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJph3#)#*#+#m#n#x#y#z############D$E$F$G$H$I$J$O$P$U$V$[$\$a$b$k$l$m$ĴĴkcccccchCJaJ7jhB*CJOJQJU^JaJmHnHph3u#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJph3,jhB*CJOJQJU^JaJph3hh0JCJOJQJ^JaJ,jhB*CJOJQJU^JaJph33#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJph33#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJphfff%I$J$K$L$M$N$O$^XXXXX$IfkdĖ$$If4-r$ 5 j#{$d-``-634ap2O$P$Q$R$S$T$U$^XXXXX$Ifkd$$If4r$ 5 j#{$d-`-634ap2U$V$W$X$Y$Z$[$^XXXXX$Ifkd$$If4r$ 5 j#{$d--634ap2[$\$]$^$_$`$a$^XXXXX$Ifkd}$$If4r$ 5 j#{$d--634ap2a$b$c$d$f$g$i$j$k$^XXXXXXP$If$Ifkd]$$If4r$ 5 j#{$d--634ap2k$l$m$n$o$0***$Ifkd=$$If4֞$ 5 j#{$d-N -634apFm$n$o$p$q$r$s$t$u$w$x$h/hCJaJh hCJ o$p$q$r$s$t$$Ift$u$kdd$$If4ִ3$ 5 j#{$d-,N -6    34apPu$w$x$gd,1h. 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