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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Estrogen Receptors in Relation to Bone Development, High Levels of Estrogen Activates Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERalpha), Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERalpha) Polymorphism XbaI, Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERbeta) promotes Growth Plate Fusion, AIS Protective factor ppxx, High Levels of Estrogen Enhances effect of Exercise, Puberty Increased Levels Estrogen, Reduced Bone Size and Strength Could Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS), High Levels of Estrogen Activates (requires a 10-fold higher concentration of estradiol than alpha receptor) Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERbeta), Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERalpha) Polymorphism PvuII, Bone Development Enhanced in both genders Longitudinal Bone Growth, Estrogen Receptor Beta (ERbeta) Down regulates / Inhibits Bone Development, AIS Risk factor PpXX, Bone Development In Females ONLY Increased Endocortical Apposition, Enhanced Anterior Vertebral Column Development Leads to Relative Anterior Spinal Overgrowth (RASO), Periosteal Formation Decreased Posterior Vertebral Column Development, Decreased Posterior Vertebral Column Development Could lead to Relative Anterior Spinal Overgrowth (RASO), Decreased Periosteal Apposition ???? Reduced Bone Size and Strength, Bone Development Inhibits Appendicular & axial skeletal growth, Relative Anterior Spinal Overgrowth (RASO) Etiology of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS), Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERalpha) Up regulates / Stimlates Bone Development