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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: m9. Evolution, Prigogine - Non-equilibrium, ordered systems are sustained by the persistent dissipation of matter and energy, and so were named dissipative structures. ???? We search for profound laws underlying complex non-equilibrium dissipative structures, the whirlpools that maintain order by importing and exporting matter and energy. But there are at least three difficulties that stand in our way., 3. A kind of liquid regime between order and chaos. ???? Networks in the regime near the edge of chaos - this compromise between order and surprise – appear best able to coordinate complex activities and evolve as well., And then in the Permian extinction, 245 million years ago, 96 percent of all species disappeared. ???? In the rebound which followed the Permian extinction, during which many new species evolved, diversity filled in from the bottom up, with many new families, a few new orders, and one new class, but no new phyla., The secular wisdom of democracy is in its capacity to solve extremely hard problems characterized by intertwining webs of conflicting interests. People organize into communities, each of which acts for it own benefit, jockeying to seek compromises among conflicting interests. ???? This seemingly haphazard process also shows an ordered regime where poor compromises are found quickly, and a chaotic regime where no compromises are found, and a phase transition where compromises are achieved, but not quickly., The magic of ontogeny (The origin and development of an individual organism from embryo to adult) lies in the fact that genes and their RNA and protein products form a complex network, switching one and another on and off in a wondrously precise manner. ???? The most beautiful order seen in ontogeny is spontaneous, a natural expression of the stunning self-organization that abounds in very complex regulatory networks. Order, vast and generative, arises natural., Cells were the triumphant culmination of some form of evolution from the earliest webs of interacting molecules, complex enough to exhibit the qualities we call alive; the ability to metabolize, to reproduce, and to evolve. ???? In turn, the origin of pre-cellular life was itself the triumphant culmination of some form of pre-biotic chemical evolution, which led from the limited diversity of molecular species present in the gas cloud of the proto-earth, to the enhanced chemical diversity that underwrote the crystallization of life, of self-reproducing molecular systems., This seemingly haphazard process also shows an ordered regime where poor compromises are found quickly, and a chaotic regime where no compromises are found, and a phase transition where compromises are achieved, but not quickly. ???? The best compromises appear to occur at the phase transition between order and chaos., The past 550 million years have witnessed well fossilized life forms emerging onto, and then ebbing from the stage. ???? Then over the next l00 million years, the average diversity of species increased to a kind of roughly steady state. But that level was, and is, persistently perturbed by small and large avalanches of extinction that wipe out modest numbers or large numbers of species, genera, or families., Cells differ from each other because different subsets of their identical genes are active within them, producing various enzymes and other proteins. ???? Many genes are active at the same time; therefore the system is a parallel processing chemical computer of some kind., Kauffman – The fate of all complex adapting systems in the biosphere, from single cells to economies, is to evolve to a natural state between order and chaos, a grand compromise between structure and surprise. ???? Thus systems spontaneously evolve to "live" at the "edge of chaos.", All hell broke loose in the Cambrian explosion 550 million years ago. A burst of evolutionary creativity generated almost all of the major phyla now extant. Only the vertebrates arose later in Ordovician times. ???? The asymmetry in the development which followed the Cambrian and Permian explosions is like the earliest stages of technological evolution of an entirely novel invention like the bicycle. Soon after a major innovation, discovery of profoundly different variation is easy. Later innovation is limited to modest improvements on increasingly optimized designs., 2. a chaotic regime; ???? When they veer too far into the chaotic regime, they are not orderly enough., Darwin – The order of the biological world evolves as natural selection sifts among random mutations for the rare, useful forms. ???? This spontaneous order is what selection then goes on to mold., In turn, the origin of pre-cellular life was itself the triumphant culmination of some form of pre-biotic chemical evolution, which led from the limited diversity of molecular species present in the gas cloud of the proto-earth, to the enhanced chemical diversity that underwrote the crystallization of life, of self-reproducing molecular systems. ???? Pre-biotic and single-cell life encompassed 4.5 billion years to 3.45 billion years ago., Kauffman - In addition, another and arguably more important, source of evolution is self-organization, leading to spontaneous order. ???? This spontaneous order is what selection then goes on to mold., Kauffman - In addition, another and arguably more important, source of evolution is self-organization, leading to spontaneous order. ???? The biosphere around us is an open, non-equilibrium system which grafts energy flux from the sun into the great web of biochemical, biological, geological, and economic exchanges that envelop the world., The most beautiful order seen in ontogeny is spontaneous, a natural expression of the stunning self-organization that abounds in very complex regulatory networks. Order, vast and generative, arises natural. ???? Many genes are active at the same time; therefore the system is a parallel processing chemical computer of some kind., Eventually the sand piles up and avalanches begin. There are lots of small avalanches, and few large ones. ???? If the size of the avalanche is plotted on the familiar x-axis, and the number of avalanches at that size are plotted on the y-axis, a curve is obtained. The result is a relationship called a power law., We search for profound laws underlying complex non-equilibrium dissipative structures, the whirlpools that maintain order by importing and exporting matter and energy. But there are at least three difficulties that stand in our way. ???? We are after laws which explain, but do not necessarily predict. We can never hope to predict the exact branchings of the tree of life, but we can uncover powerful laws to predict and explain their general structure. These efforts are a search for a theory of emergence., So single cells continued to evolve for approximatey 2 billion years. ???? So it was in the Cambrian, when multi-cellular life first tested out its possible modes of being. The patterns then were of branching, dramatic at first, then dwindling to twiddling with the details later.