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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: n1. Fitness Landscapes, The idea of fitness peaks applies at many levels. It can refer to the capacity of a protein molecule to catalyze a given chemical reaction. Then peaks of the landscape correspond to enzymes that are better catalysts for this reaction than all their neighboring proteins – those in the foot hills and, worst of all, those in the valleys. ???? Whether we are talking about organisms or economics, surprisingly general laws govern processes on multi-peaked landscapes. These general laws may account for phenomena ranging from the burst of the Cambrian explosion, where taxa fill in from the top down, to technological evolution, where striking variations arise early and dwindle to minor improvements., The origin of life at a threshold of chemical diversity follows the same logic as a theory of economic takeoff at a threshold diversity of goods and services. ???? Above that critical diversity, new species of molecules, or goods and services, afford niches for yet further new species which are awakened into existence in an explosion of possibilities., Whether we are talking about organisms or economics, surprisingly general laws govern processes on multi-peaked landscapes. These general laws may account for phenomena ranging from the burst of the Cambrian explosion, where taxa fill in from the top down, to technological evolution, where striking variations arise early and dwindle to minor improvements. ???? The best exploration of an evolutionary space occurs at a kind of phase transition between order and disorder, (The edge of Chaos) when populations begin to melt off the local peaks they have become fixated on, and flow along ridges toward distant regions of higher fitness., Such co-evolving systems also behave in an ordered regime, a chaotic regime, and a transition regime. Such systems seem to co-evolve to the regime at the edge of chaos. ???? Life exists in a kind of phase transition. Genomic networks that control development from zygote to adult can exist in three major regimes;, The edge-of-chaos image arises in co-evolution as well, for as we evolve, so do our competitors; to remain fit, we must adapt to their adaptations. ???? In co-evolving systems, each partner clambers up its fitness landscape toward fitness peaks, even as that landscape is constantly deformed by the adaptive moves of its co-evolutionary partners., Life exists in a kind of phase transition. Genomic networks that control development from zygote to adult can exist in three major regimes; see also m9. Evolution, The edge of chaos theme also arises as a general law. In scaling the top of fitness peaks, adapting populations are likely to get stuck in the foothills, thinking that they have reached as high as they can go, but a search that is too wide ranging is also likely to fail. ???? The edge-of-chaos image arises in co-evolution as well, for as we evolve, so do our competitors; to remain fit, we must adapt to their adaptations., Above that critical diversity, new species of molecules, or goods and services, afford niches for yet further new species which are awakened into existence in an explosion of possibilities. ???? Like co-evolutionary systems, economic systems link the selfish activities of more or less myopic agents., In co-evolving systems, each partner clambers up its fitness landscape toward fitness peaks, even as that landscape is constantly deformed by the adaptive moves of its co-evolutionary partners. ???? Such co-evolving systems also behave in an ordered regime, a chaotic regime, and a transition regime. Such systems seem to co-evolve to the regime at the edge of chaos., The best exploration of an evolutionary space occurs at a kind of phase transition between order and disorder, (The edge of Chaos) when populations begin to melt off the local peaks they have become fixated on, and flow along ridges toward distant regions of higher fitness. ???? The edge of chaos theme also arises as a general law. In scaling the top of fitness peaks, adapting populations are likely to get stuck in the foothills, thinking that they have reached as high as they can go, but a search that is too wide ranging is also likely to fail., The edge-of-chaos image arises in co-evolution as well, for as we evolve, so do our competitors; to remain fit, we must adapt to their adaptations. ???? Such co-evolving systems also behave in an ordered regime, a chaotic regime, and a transition regime. Such systems seem to co-evolve to the regime at the edge of chaos., n1. Fitness Landscapes ???? Biologists harbor images of fitness landscapes, where peaks represent high fitness, and populations wander under the drives of mutation, selection, and random drift across the landscape, seeking peaks, but perhaps never achieving them., Each adapting species acts according to its own selfish advantage, yet the entire system appears magically to evolve to a poised state where, on average, each does as best as can be expected. ???? Yet many of the dynamical systems are driven to extinction, despite their own best efforts, by the collective behavior of the systems as a whole., The idea of fitness peaks applies at many levels. It can refer to the capacity of a protein molecule to catalyze a given chemical reaction. Then peaks of the landscape correspond to enzymes that are better catalysts for this reaction than all their neighboring proteins – those in the foot hills and, worst of all, those in the valleys. ???? Fitness peaks can also refer to the fitness of whole organisms. In that more complex case, an organism with a given set of traits is fitter – higher on the landscape - than all its near variants if, roughly speaking, it is more likely to have offspring., Biologists harbor images of fitness landscapes, where peaks represent high fitness, and populations wander under the drives of mutation, selection, and random drift across the landscape, seeking peaks, but perhaps never achieving them. ???? Fitness peaks can also refer to the fitness of whole organisms. In that more complex case, an organism with a given set of traits is fitter – higher on the landscape - than all its near variants if, roughly speaking, it is more likely to have offspring., n1. Fitness Landscapes ???? The idea of fitness peaks applies at many levels. It can refer to the capacity of a protein molecule to catalyze a given chemical reaction. Then peaks of the landscape correspond to enzymes that are better catalysts for this reaction than all their neighboring proteins – those in the foot hills and, worst of all, those in the valleys., n1. Fitness Landscapes see also n2. The Origin of Life, The origin of life at a threshold of chemical diversity follows the same logic as a theory of economic takeoff at a threshold diversity of goods and services. ???? Technological evolution may be governed by laws similar to those governing pre-biotic chemical evolution and adaptive co-evolution., Technological evolution may be governed by laws similar to those governing pre-biotic chemical evolution and adaptive co-evolution. ???? Like co-evolutionary systems, economic systems link the selfish activities of more or less myopic agents.