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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Patho Concept Map - COPD 3, air trapping characterized as CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, narrowing of airway leads to airway obstruction (especially during expiration), fibrosis and thickening of bronchiolar walls leads to narrowing of airway, - increased mucous production - reduced mucociliary clearance promotes bacterial growth + colonization of airway (H. Influenzae; S. pneumonaiae), bacterial growth + colonization of airway (H. Influenzae; S. pneumonaiae) continued activation of inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli), protease activity (neutrophil elastase, MMP-9) leads to - increased mucous production - reduced mucociliary clearance, irritant ex: tobacco smoke, environmental/ occupational exposure to dust or chemical activates inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli), bronchospasm + bronchial edema leads to airway obstruction (especially during expiration), EMPHYSEMA Types centriacinar, inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli) infiltration of neutrophils, inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli) infiltration of macrophages, breakdown of elastin increased breakdown of alveolar wall & capillaries, reduction of elastic coil of the airways leads to increased air spaces, IL 6, IL-8, IL-1Beta TNF-alpha triggers neutrophils, breakdown of alveolar wall & capillaries leads to increased air spaces, inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli) stimulates smooth muscle and epithelium, inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli) infiltration of Th1, Tc1, mucus glands + goblet cells leads to - increased mucous production - reduced mucociliary clearance, panacinar symptoms - dsypnea - tachypnea - prolonged expiration - barrel chest, neutrophils increases oxidative stress (induced by oxidants in cigarrette smoke and neutrophils)